Padding options for trigger frame in wireless communications

ABSTRACT

A wireless communication device (alternatively, device, WDEV, etc.) includes at least one processing circuitry configured to support communications with other WDEV(s) and to generate and process signals for such communications. In some examples, the device includes a communication interface and a processing circuitry, among other possible circuitries, components, elements, etc. to support communications with other WDEV(s) and to generate and process signals for such communications. A WDEV determines capabilities of other WDEVs and generates a first orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) frame that includes resource unit (RU) allocation specified for the other WDEVs and media access controller (MAC) padding (e.g., selected based on capability of at least one of the other WDEVs. The WDEV then transmits the first OFDMA frame to the other WDEVs to be processed by them and then receives a second OFDMA frame from the other WDEVs based on the RU allocation.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS/PATENT APPLICATIONS Provisional Priority Claims

The present U.S. Utility Patent Application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/265,975, entitled “Padding options for trigger frame in wireless communications,” filed Dec. 10, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/272,773, entitled “Padding options for trigger frame in wireless communications,” filed Dec. 30, 2015; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/413,242, entitled “Padding options for trigger frame in wireless communications,” filed Oct. 26, 2016, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems; and, more particularly, to padding options within single user, multiple user, multiple access, and/or multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications.

Description of Related Art

Communication systems support wireless and wire lined communications between wireless and/or wire lined communication devices. The systems can range from national and/or international cellular telephone systems, to the Internet, to point-to-point in-home wireless networks and can operate in accordance with one or more communication standards. For example, wireless communication systems may operate in accordance with one or more standards including, but not limited to, IEEE 802.11x (where x may be various extensions such as a, b, n, g, etc.), Bluetooth, advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital AMPS, global system for mobile communications (GSM), etc., and/or variations thereof.

In some instances, wireless communication is made between a transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) using single-input-single-output (SISO) communication. Another type of wireless communication is single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) in which a single TX processes data into radio frequency (RF) signals that are transmitted to a RX that includes two or more antennas and two or more RX paths.

Yet an alternative type of wireless communication is multiple-input-single-output (MISO) in which a TX includes two or more transmission paths that each respectively converts a corresponding portion of baseband signals into RF signals, which are transmitted via corresponding antennas to a RX. Another type of wireless communication is multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) in which a TX and RX each respectively includes multiple paths such that a TX parallel processes data using a spatial and time encoding function to produce two or more streams of data and a RX receives the multiple RF signals via multiple RX paths that recapture the streams of data utilizing a spatial and time decoding function.

The prior art employs various means to perform signaling and communication between wireless communication devices that are highly consumptive of the communication medium and also can include significant overhead and poor efficiency in terms of information conveyed. In addition, as the number of devices that concurrently operate within wireless communication systems continues to increase, there continues to exist needs in the art for improved and more efficient means for communicating information between wireless communication devices and to allow for better use of the communication medium.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system.

FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of dense deployment of wireless communication devices.

FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of communication between wireless communication devices.

FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.

FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating an example of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and/or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA).

FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.

FIG. 3C is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.

FIG. 3D is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.

FIG. 3E is a diagram illustrating an example of single-carrier (SC) signaling.

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating an example of an OFDM/A packet.

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating another example of an OFDM/A packet of a second type.

FIG. 4C is a diagram illustrating an example of at least one portion of an OFDM/A packet of another type.

FIG. 4D is a diagram illustrating another example of an OFDM/A packet of a third type.

FIG. 4E is a diagram illustrating another example of an OFDM/A packet of a fourth type.

FIG. 4F is a diagram illustrating another example of an OFDM/A packet.

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating another example of an OFDM/A packet.

FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating another example of an OFDM/A packet.

FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating another example of an OFDM/A packet.

FIG. 5D is a diagram illustrating another example of an OFDM/A packet.

FIG. 5E is a diagram illustrating another example of an OFDM/A packet.

FIG. 5F is a diagram illustrating an example of selection among different OFDM/A frame structures for use in communications between wireless communication devices and specifically showing OFDM/A frame structures corresponding to one or more resource units (RUs).

FIG. 5G is a diagram illustrating an example of various types of different resource units (RUs).

FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating another example of various types of different RUs.

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating another example of various types of different RUs.

FIG. 6C is a diagram illustrating an example of various types of communication protocol specified physical layer (PHY) fast Fourier transform (FFT) sizes.

FIG. 6D is a diagram illustrating an example of different channel bandwidths and relationship there between.

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating an example of a frame format.

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating another example of a frame format.

FIG. 7C is a diagram illustrating another example of a frame format.

FIG. 7D is a diagram illustrating another example of a frame format.

FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating another example of a frame format.

FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating another example of a frame format.

FIG. 8C is a diagram illustrating another example of a frame format.

FIG. 8D is a diagram illustrating another example of a frame format.

FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating another example of a frame format.

FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating another example of a frame format.

FIG. 9C is a diagram illustrating another example of a frame format.

FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.

FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system 100. The wireless communication system 100 includes base stations and/or access points 112-116, wireless communication devices 118-132 (e.g., wireless stations (STAs)), and a network hardware component 134. The wireless communication devices 118-132 may be laptop computers, or tablets, 118 and 126, personal digital assistants 120 and 130, personal computers 124 and 132 and/or cellular telephones 122 and 128. Other examples of such wireless communication devices 118-132 could also or alternatively include other types of devices that include wireless communication capability. The details of an embodiment of such wireless communication devices are described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 2B among other diagrams.

Some examples of possible devices that may be implemented to operate in accordance with any of the various examples, embodiments, options, and/or their equivalents, etc. described herein may include, but are not limited by, appliances within homes, businesses, etc. such as refrigerators, microwaves, heaters, heating systems, air conditioners, air conditioning systems, lighting control systems, and/or any other types of appliances, etc.; meters such as for natural gas service, electrical service, water service, Internet service, cable and/or satellite television service, and/or any other types of metering purposes, etc.; devices wearable on a user or person including watches, monitors such as those that monitor activity level, bodily functions such as heartbeat, breathing, bodily activity, bodily motion or lack thereof, etc.; medical devices including intravenous (IV) medicine delivery monitoring and/or controlling devices, blood monitoring devices (e.g., glucose monitoring devices) and/or any other types of medical devices, etc.; premises monitoring devices such as movement detection/monitoring devices, door closed/ajar detection/monitoring devices, security/alarm system monitoring devices, and/or any other type of premises monitoring devices; multimedia devices including televisions, computers, audio playback devices, video playback devices, and/or any other type of multimedia devices, etc.; and/or generally any other type(s) of device(s) that include(s) wireless communication capability, functionality, circuitry, etc.. In general, any device that is implemented to support wireless communications may be implemented to operate in accordance with any of the various examples, embodiments, options, and/or their equivalents, etc. described herein.

The base stations (BSs) or access points (APs) 112-116 are operably coupled to the network hardware 134 via local area network connections 136, 138, and 140. The network hardware 134, which may be a router, switch, bridge, modem, system controller, etc., provides a wide area network connection 142 for the communication system 100. Each of the base stations or access points 112-116 has an associated antenna or antenna array to communicate with the wireless communication devices in its area. Typically, the wireless communication devices register with a particular base station or access point 112-116 to receive services from the communication system 100. For direct connections (i.e., point-to-point communications), wireless communication devices communicate directly via an allocated channel.

Any of the various wireless communication devices (WDEVs) 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116 may include a processing circuitry and/or a communication interface to support communications with any other of the wireless communication devices 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116. In an example of operation, a processing circuitry and/or a communication interface implemented within one of the devices (e.g., any one of the WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116) is/are configured to process at least one signal received from and/or to generate at least one signal to be transmitted to another one of the devices (e.g., any other one of the WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116).

Note that general reference to a communication device, such as a wireless communication device (e.g., WDEVs) 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116 in FIG. 1, or any other communication devices and/or wireless communication devices may alternatively be made generally herein using the term ‘device’ (e.g., with respect to FIG. 2A below, “device 210” when referring to “wireless communication device 210” or “WDEV 210,” or “devices 210-234” when referring to “wireless communication devices 210-234”; or with respect to FIG. 2B below, use of “device 310” may alternatively be used when referring to “wireless communication device 310”, or “devices 390 and 391 (or 390-391)” when referring to wireless communication devices 390 and 391 or WDEVs 390 and 391). Generally, such general references or designations of devices may be used interchangeably.

The processing circuitry and/or the communication interface of any one of the various devices, WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116, may be configured to support communications with any other of the various devices, WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116. Such communications may be uni-directional or bi-directional between devices. Also, such communications may be uni-directional between devices at one time and bi-directional between those devices at another time.

In an example, a device (e.g., any one of the WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116) includes a communication interface and/or a processing circuitry (and possibly other possible circuitries, components, elements, etc.) to support communications with other device(s) and to generate and process signals for such communications. The communication interface and/or the processing circuitry operate to perform various operations and functions to effectuate such communications (e.g., the communication interface and the processing circuitry may be configured to perform certain operation(s) in conjunction with one another, cooperatively, dependently with one another, etc. and other operation(s) separately, independently from one another, etc.). In some examples, such a processing circuitry includes all capability, functionality, and/or circuitry, etc. to perform such operations as described herein. In some other examples, such a communication interface includes all capability, functionality, and/or circuitry, etc. to perform such operations as described herein. In even other examples, such a processing circuitry and a communication interface include all capability, functionality, and/or circuitry, etc. to perform such operations as described herein, at least in part, cooperatively with one another.

In an example of implementation and operation, a wireless communication device (e.g., any one of the WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116) includes a processing circuitry and a communication interface to support communications with one or more of the other wireless communication devices (e.g., any other of the WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116).

In an example, BS/AP 116 supports communications with WDEVs 130, 132. BS/AP 116 determine capabilities of WDEVs 130, 132 that are associated with the BS/AP 116 in a wireless network. For example, a wireless local area network (WLAN) may be established by the BS/AP 116 and one or more of the other wireless communication devices (e.g., any other of the WDEVs 118-132) then associated with the BS/AP 116 during a negotiation process. Communications are then supported between the BS/AP 116 and the WDEVs 130, 132. During such communications, the BS/AP 116 determines capabilities of WDEVs 130, 132. Examples of such capabilities of WDEVs 130, 132 may include characteristics of the WDEVs 130, 132; ability of the WDEVs 130, 132 to operate in compliance with one or more communication standards, protocols, and/or recommended practices; whether WDEVs 130, 132 are battery operated or not, processing speed and/or operational capacity of the WDEVs 130, 132, and/or any other characteristics, capabilities, and/or other features associated with the WDEVs 130, 132).

Then, the BS/AP 116 generates a first orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) frame that includes resource unit (RU) allocation specified for the WDEVs 130, 132 and media access controller (MAC) padding that is based on at least one of the capabilities of WDEV 130 and/or WDEV 132. The BS/AP 116 then transmits the first OFDMA frame to the WDEVs 130, 132 to be processed by the WDEVs 130, 132 to determine the RU allocation and the MAC padding included therein. The BS/AP 116 then receives a second OFDMA frame from the WDEVs 130, 132 based on the RU allocation.

FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment 201 of dense deployment of wireless communication devices (shown as WDEVs in the diagram). Any of the various WDEVs 210-234 may be access points (APs) or wireless stations (STAs). For example, WDEV 210 may be an AP or an AP-operative STA that communicates with WDEVs 212, 214, 216, and 218 that are STAs. WDEV 220 may be an AP or an AP-operative STA that communicates with WDEVs 222, 224, 226, and 228 that are STAs. In certain instances, at least one additional AP or AP-operative STA may be deployed, such as WDEV 230 that communicates with WDEVs 232 and 234 that are STAs. The STAs may be any type of one or more wireless communication device types including wireless communication devices 118-132, and the APs or AP-operative STAs may be any type of one or more wireless communication devices including as BSs or APs 112-116. Different groups of the WDEVs 210-234 may be partitioned into different basic services sets (BSSs). In some instances, at least one of the WDEVs 210-234 are included within at least one overlapping basic services set (OBSS) that cover two or more BSSs. As described above with the association of WDEVs in an AP-STA relationship, one of the WDEVs may be operative as an AP and certain of the WDEVs can be implemented within the same basic services set (BSS).

This disclosure presents novel architectures, methods, approaches, etc. that allow for improved spatial re-use for next generation WiFi or wireless local area network (WLAN) systems. Next generation WiFi systems are expected to improve performance in dense deployments where many clients and APs are packed in a given area (e.g., which may be an area [indoor and/or outdoor] with a high density of devices, such as a train station, airport, stadium, building, shopping mall, arenas, convention centers, colleges, downtown city centers, etc. to name just some examples). Large numbers of devices operating within a given area can be problematic if not impossible using prior technologies.

In an example, WDEV 210 supports communications with WDEVs 214, 218. WDEV 210 determine capabilities of WDEVs 214, 218 that are associated with the BS/AP 116 in a wireless network. For example, a wireless local area network (WLAN) may be established by the WDEV 210 and one or more of the other WDEVs (e.g., any other of the WDEVs 212-234) then associated with the WDEV 210 during a negotiation process. Communications are then supported between the WDEV 210 and the WDEVs 214, 218. During such communications, the WDEV 210 determines capabilities of WDEVs 214, 218. Examples of such capabilities of WDEVs 214, 218 may include characteristics of the WDEVs 214, 218; ability of the WDEVs 214, 218 to operate in compliance with one or more communication standards, protocols, and/or recommended practices; whether WDEVs 214, 218 are battery operated or not, processing speed and/or operational capacity of the WDEVs 214, 218, and/or any other characteristics, capabilities, and/or other features associated with the WDEVs 214, 218).

Then, the WDEV 210 generates a first OFDMA frame that includes RU allocation specified for the WDEVs 214, 218 and media access controller (MAC) padding that is based on at least one of the capabilities of WDEV 130 and/or WDEV 132. The WDEV 210 then transmits the first OFDMA frame to the WDEVs 214, 218 to be processed by the WDEVs 214, 218 to determine the RU allocation and the MAC padding included therein. The WDEV 210 then receives a second OFDMA frame from the WDEVs 214, 218 based on the RU allocation.

FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example 202 of communication between wireless communication devices. A wireless communication device 310 (e.g., which may be any one of devices 118-132 as with reference to FIG. 1) is in communication with another wireless communication device 390 (and/or any number of other wireless communication devices up through another wireless communication device 391) via a transmission medium. The wireless communication device 310 includes a communication interface 320 to perform transmitting and receiving of at least one signal, symbol, packet, frame, etc. (e.g., using a transmitter 322 and a receiver 324) (note that general reference to packet or frame may be used interchangeably).

Generally speaking, the communication interface 320 is implemented to perform any such operations of an analog front end (AFE) and/or physical layer (PHY) transmitter, receiver, and/or transceiver. Examples of such operations may include any one or more of various operations including conversions between the frequency and analog or continuous time domains (e.g., such as the operations performed by a digital to analog converter (DAC) and/or an analog to digital converter (ADC)), gain adjustment including scaling, filtering (e.g., in either the digital or analog domains), frequency conversion (e.g., such as frequency upscaling and/or frequency downscaling, such as to a baseband frequency at which one or more of the components of the device 310 operates), equalization, pre-equalization, metric generation, symbol mapping and/or de-mapping, automatic gain control (AGC) operations, and/or any other operations that may be performed by an AFE and/or PHY component within a wireless communication device.

In some implementations, the wireless communication device 310 also includes a processing circuitry 330, and an associated memory 340, to execute various operations including interpreting at least one signal, symbol, packet, and/or frame transmitted to wireless communication device 390 and/or received from the wireless communication device 390 and/or wireless communication device 391. The wireless communication devices 310 and 390 (and/or 391) may be implemented using at least one integrated circuit in accordance with any desired configuration or combination of components, modules, etc. within at least one integrated circuit. Also, the wireless communication devices 310, 390, and/or 391 may each include one or more antennas for transmitting and/or receiving of at least one packet or frame (e.g., WDEV 390 may include m antennas, and WDEV 391 may include n antennas).

Also, in some examples, note that one or more of the processing circuitry 330, the communication interface 320 (including the TX 322 and/or RX 324 thereof), and/or the memory 340 may be implemented in one or more “processing modules,” “processing circuits,” “processors,” and/or “processing units” or their equivalents. Considering one example, one processing circuitry 330 a may be implemented to include the processing circuitry 330, the communication interface 320 (including the TX 322 and/or RX 324 thereof), and the memory 340. Considering another example, one processing circuitry 330 b may be implemented to include the processing circuitry 330 and the memory 340 yet the communication interface 320 is a separate circuitry.

Considering even another example, two or more processing circuitries may be implemented to include the processing circuitry 330, the communication interface 320 (including the TX 322 and/or RX 324 thereof), and the memory 340. In such examples, such a “processing circuitry” or “processing circuitries” (or “processor” or “processors”) is/are configured to perform various operations, functions, communications, etc. as described herein. In general, the various elements, components, etc. shown within the device 310 may be implemented in any number of “processing modules,” “processing circuits,” “processors,” and/or “processing units” (e.g., 1, 2, . . . , and generally using N such “processing modules,” “processing circuits,” “processors,” and/or “processing units”, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1).

In some examples, the device 310 includes both processing circuitry 330 and communication interface 320 configured to perform various operations. In other examples, the device 310 includes processing circuitry 330 a configured to perform various operations. In even other examples, the device 310 includes processing circuitry 330 b configured to perform various operations. Generally, such operations include generating, transmitting, etc. signals intended for one or more other devices (e.g., device 390 through 391) and receiving, processing, etc. other signals received for one or more other devices (e.g., device 390 through 391).

In some examples, note that the communication interface 320, which is coupled to the processing circuitry 330, that is configured to support communications within a satellite communication system, a wireless communication system, a wired communication system, a fiber-optic communication system, and/or a mobile communication system (and/or any other type of communication system implemented using any type of communication medium or media). Any of the signals generated and transmitted and/or received and processed by the device 310 may be communicated via any of these types of communication systems.

FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating another example 203 of communication between wireless communication devices. At or during a first time (e.g., time 1 (ΔT1)), the WDEV 310 transmits signal(s) to WDEVs 390, 391, and/or the WDEV 390 and/or WDEV 391 transmits other signal(s) to WDEV 310. At or during a second time (e.g., time 2 (ΔT2)), the WDEV 310 processes signal(s) received from WDEV 390 and/or WDEV 391, and/or the WDEVs 390, 391 processes signal(s) received from WDEV 310.

In some examples, the signal(s) communicated between WDEV 310 and WDEV 390 may include OFDM/A frames, RU allocation(s), MAC padding, etc. and/or other information for use in supporting communications between WDEV 310 and WDEV 390.

In an example of operation and implementation,

In an example, WDEV 310 supports communications with WDEVs 390-391. WDEV 310 determine capabilities of WDEVs 390-391 that are associated with the BS/AP 116 in a wireless network. For example, a wireless local area network (WLAN) may be established by the WDEV 310 and one or more of the other WDEVs are then associated with the WDEV 310 during a negotiation process. Communications are then supported between the WDEV 310 and the WDEVs 390-391. During such communications, the WDEV 310 determines capabilities of WDEVs 390-391. Examples of such capabilities of WDEVs 390-391 may include characteristics of the WDEVs 390-391; ability of the WDEVs 390-391 to operate in compliance with one or more communication standards, protocols, and/or recommended practices; whether WDEVs 390-391 are battery operated or not, processing speed and/or operational capacity of the WDEVs 390-391, and/or any other characteristics, capabilities, and/or other features associated with the WDEVs 390-391).

Then, the WDEV 310 generates a first OFDMA frame that includes RU allocation specified for the WDEVs 390-391 and media access controller (MAC) padding that is based on at least one of the capabilities of WDEV 390 and/or WDEV 391. The WDEV 310 then transmits the first OFDMA frame to the WDEVs 390-391 to be processed by the WDEVs 390-391 to determine the RU allocation and the MAC padding included therein. The WDEV 310 then receives a second OFDMA frame from the WDEVs 390-391 based on the RU allocation.

In some examples, note that the capabilities of the at least one of the WDEVs 390-391 corresponds to a slowest processing speed capability of the WDEVs 390-391 to prepare data for transmission to the WDEV 310 based on the RU allocation that is specified for the WDEVs 390-391. In some other examples, note that the capabilities of the at least one of the WDEVs 390-391 corresponds to one or the more slow yet not the slowest processing speed capability of the WDEVs 390-391 to prepare data for transmission to the WDEV 310 based on the RU allocation that is specified for the WDEVs 390-391 (e.g., the 2^(nd) to slowest, the 3^(rd) to slowest, or some other selected N^(th) to slowest processing speed capability WDEV among the WDEVs 390-391, such as where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2). In other examples, note that the capabilities of the at least one of the WDEVs 390-391 corresponds to an average processing speed capability of the WDEVs 390-391 to prepare data for transmission to the WDEV 310 based on the RU allocation that is specified for the WDEVs 390-391. In even other examples, note that the capabilities of the at least one of the WDEVs 390-391 corresponds to an average processing speed capability of a subset of the WDEVs 390-391 (e.g., the N^(th) slowest processing speed capability WDEVs among the WDEVs 390-391, such as where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2) to prepare data for transmission to the WDEV 310 based on the RU allocation that is specified for the WDEVs 390-391. In general, the capabilities correspond may be implemented as corresponding to certain characteristics of processing speed capability of the WDEVs 390-391 and/or some subset of the WDEVs 390-391.

For example, each of the WDEVs 390-391 may have a respective ability or capability to process and prepare data for transmission to the WDEV 310. The WDEV 310 determines which WDEV is the slowest WDEV among the WDEVs 390-391 with the ability or capability to process and prepare data for transmission to the WDEV 310 (e.g., which WDEV is slowest in preparing such data for transmission to the WDEV 310). Then, the WDEV 310 selects the MAC padding to be included within the first OFDMA frame that also includes the RU allocation to be transmitted to the WDEVs 390-391. This MAC padding provides additional time so that (ideally) all of the WDEVs 390-391 and specifically the WDEV that is the slowest in preparing such data for transmission to the WDEV 310 will have adequate time to prepare its respective data for transmission to the WDEV 310.

Note that the WDEVs 390-391 may all respectively prepare respective data to be included within the second OFDMA frame that gets transmitted to and received by the WDEV 310. In an example, second OFDMA frame includes first data from WDEV 390 that is modulated within a first subset of OFDMA sub-carriers and also second data from WDEV 391 that is modulated within a second subset of OFDMA sub-carriers.

Also, in other examples, note that the first OFDMA frame includes a trigger frame that includes a MAC header, which is followed by common information for all of the plurality of other wireless communication devices, which is followed by per wireless communication device that includes first information for a first wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices and includes second information for a second wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices, which is followed by the MAC padding to provide time for the at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices to prepare data for transmission to the wireless communication device based on the RU allocation that is specified within the first OFDMA frame. Moreover, in some examples, the MAC padding including at least one wireless station (STA) identifier (ID) that is not used by any of the WDEVs 390-391 associated with the WDEV 310 in the wireless network (e.g., WLAN).

In another example of implementation and operation, the WDEV 310 includes both a processing circuitry to perform many of the operations described above and also includes a communication interface, coupled to the processing circuitry, that is configured to support communications within a satellite communication system, a wireless communication system, a wired communication system, a fiber-optic communication system, and/or a mobile communication system. The processing circuitry is configured to transmit the first OFDMA packet and/or the second OFDMA packet to WDEV 390 and/or WDEV 391 via the communication interface.

In yet another example of implementation and operation, the WDEV 310 determines processing speed capabilities of WDEVs 390-391 associated with the WDEV 310 in a wireless network to prepare data for transmission to the WDEV 310. The WDEV 310 then generates a first OFDMA frame that includes RU allocation specified for the WDEVs 390-391 and MAC padding that is based on a slowest processing speed capability of at least one of the WDEVs 390-391 (e.g., WDEV 390 or WDEV 391) to prepare data for transmission to the WDEV 310. The WDEV 310 then transmits the first OFDMA frame to the WDEVs 390-391 to be processed by the WDEVs 390-391 to determine the RU allocation and the MAC padding included therein. The WDEVs 310 then receives a second OFDMA frame from the WDEVs 390-391 based on the RU allocation. The MAC padding provides for adequate time for even a slowest processing speed capable WDEV of the WDEVs 390-391 to prepare its respective data for transmission to the WDEV 310.

In some examples, each of the WDEVs 390-391 (e.g., STAs) communicates to the WDEV 310 (e.g., an access point (AP)/central controller of a WLAN that includes WDEVs 390-391 associated with WDEV 310) regarding how long it takes that respective WDEV 390, . . . 391 to decode the an OFDMA frame (e.g., such as a trigger frame) and prepare and respond to send data to the WDEV 310 in response thereto (e.g., in response to a trigger frame). Once the WDEV 310 (e.g., AP/central controller) knows this for all WDEVs 390-391 (e.g., STAs), then the WDEV 310 can calculate and determine the amount of MAC padding to be included within such an OFDMA frame (e.g., trigger frame). If there is a mixture of some fast/some slow devices among the WDEVs 390-391, the WDEV 310 can place information for slower devices within the WDEVs 390-391 firstly within such an OFDMA frame (e.g., trigger frame), so that that particular information is received/processed firstly. Then, if there are errors at the end of the transmission, a given WDEV of the WDEVs 390-391 may need to abort its respective transmission. In some examples, it may be determined that a WDEV will speculatively decode such an OFDMA frame (e.g., trigger frame) assuming it will be decoded properly. Note that it may be only at the end of such an OFDMA frame (e.g., trigger frame) for a given WDEV to know if such an OFDMA frame (e.g., trigger frame) was received properly.

Considering an example, assume all WDEVs 390-391 are slow at processing and preparing data for transmission to WDEV 310. Then, even if last WDEV in a list of the WDEVs 390-391 is a slow WDEV, then that WDEV won't get its reps information within such an OFDMA frame (e.g., trigger frame) until end of such an OFDMA frame (e.g., trigger frame), and that will most likely be too late for a successful transmission to be prepared from that WDEV to the WDEV 310. However, if that WDEV can start preparation after its information during processing and within processing of such an OFDMA frame (e.g., trigger frame) as provided by some additional time to be added such as based on MAC padding to be included within such an OFDMA frame (e.g., trigger frame), then there will be enough time to allow that WDEV to meet its time requirement. Note that such information regarding capability information of the WDEVs 390-391 may be performed during an association process between the WDEV 310 and the WDEVs 390-391 (e.g., in association between STA/AP, exchange capability information, etc.). An AP (e.g., WDEV 310) looks at every STA (e.g., all WDEVs 390-391) within such an OFDMA frame (e.g., trigger frame). The WDEV 310 then needs to put in some MAC padding therein, and the WDEV 310 then determines how much padding to put in to accommodate the WDEVs 390-391 (e.g., such as targeted to the slowest operating/processing WDEV among the WDEVs 390-391).

FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating an example 301 of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and/or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). OFDM's modulation may be viewed as dividing up an available spectrum into a plurality of narrowband sub-carriers (e.g., relatively lower data rate carriers). The sub-carriers are included within an available frequency spectrum portion or band. This available frequency spectrum is divided into the sub-carriers or tones used for the OFDM or OFDMA symbols and packets/frames. Note that sub-carrier or tone may be used interchangeably. Typically, the frequency responses of these sub-carriers are non-overlapping and orthogonal. Each sub-carrier may be modulated using any of a variety of modulation coding techniques (e.g., as shown by the vertical axis of modulated data).

A communication device may be configured to perform encoding of one or more bits to generate one or more coded bits used to generate the modulation data (or generally, data). For example, a processing circuitry and the communication interface of a communication device may be configured to perform forward error correction (FEC) and/or error checking and correction (ECC) code of one or more bits to generate one or more coded bits. Examples of FEC and/or ECC may include turbo code, convolutional code, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM), low density parity check (LDPC) code, Reed-Solomon (RS) code, BCH (Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem) code, binary convolutional code (BCC), Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), and/or any other type of ECC and/or FEC code and/or combination thereof, etc. Note that more than one type of ECC and/or FEC code may be used in any of various implementations including concatenation (e.g., first ECC and/or FEC code followed by second ECC and/or FEC code, etc. such as based on an inner code/outer code architecture, etc.), parallel architecture (e.g., such that first ECC and/or FEC code operates on first bits while second ECC and/or FEC code operates on second bits, etc.), and/or any combination thereof. The one or more coded bits may then undergo modulation or symbol mapping to generate modulation symbols. The modulation symbols may include data intended for one or more recipient devices. Note that such modulation symbols may be generated using any of various types of modulation coding techniques. Examples of such modulation coding techniques may include binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-phase shift keying (PSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 32 amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK), etc., uncoded modulation, and/or any other desired types of modulation including higher ordered modulations that may include even greater number of constellation points (e.g., 1024 QAM, etc.).

FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating another example 302 of OFDM and/or OFDMA. A transmitting device transmits modulation symbols via the sub-carriers. Note that such modulation symbols may include data modulation symbols, pilot modulation symbols (e.g., for use in channel estimation, characterization, etc.) and/or other types of modulation symbols (e.g., with other types of information included therein). OFDM and/or OFDMA modulation may operate by performing simultaneous transmission of a large number of narrowband carriers (or multi-tones). In some applications, a guard interval (GI) or guard space is sometimes employed between the various OFDM symbols to try to minimize the effects of ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference) that may be caused by the effects of multi-path within the communication system, which can be particularly of concern in wireless communication systems.

In addition, as shown in right hand side of FIG. 3A, a cyclic prefix (CP) and/or cyclic suffix (CS) (e.g., shown in right hand side of FIG. 3A, which may be a copy of the CP) may also be employed within the guard interval to allow switching time (e.g., such as when jumping to a new communication channel or sub-channel) and to help maintain orthogonality of the OFDM and/or OFDMA symbols. In some examples, a certain amount of information (e.g., data bits) at the end portion of the data portion is/are copied and placed at the beginning of the data to form the frame/symbol(s). In a specific example, consider that the data includes data bits x₀,x₁, . . . x_(N−Ncp), . . . , x_(N−1), where the x_(N−Ncp) bit is the first bit of the end portion of the data portion that is to be copied, then the bits x_(N−Ncp), . . . , x_(N−1), are copied and placed at the beginning of the frame/symbol(s). Note that such end portion of the data portion is/are copied and placed at the beginning of the data to form the frame/symbol(s) may also be shifted, cyclically shifted, and/or copied more than once, etc. if desired in certain embodiments. Generally speaking, an OFDM and/or OFDMA system design is based on the expected delay spread within the communication system (e.g., the expected delay spread of the communication channel).

In a single-user system in which one or more OFDM symbols or OFDM packets/frames are transmitted between a transmitter device and a receiver device, all of the sub-carriers or tones are dedicated for use in transmitting modulated data between the transmitter and receiver devices. In a multiple user system in which one or more OFDM symbols or OFDM packets/frames are transmitted between a transmitter device and multiple recipient or receiver devices, the various sub-carriers or tones may be mapped to different respective receiver devices as described below with respect to FIG. 3C.

FIG. 3C is a diagram illustrating another example 303 of OFDM and/or OFDMA. Comparing OFDMA to OFDM, OFDMA is a multi-user version of the popular orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme. Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of sub-carriers to individual recipient devices or users. For example, first sub-carrier(s)/tone(s) may be assigned to a user 1, second sub-carrier(s)/tone(s) may be assigned to a user 2, and so on up to any desired number of users. In addition, such sub-carrier/tone assignment may be dynamic among different respective transmissions (e.g., a first assignment for a first packet/frame, a second assignment for second packet/frame, etc.). An

OFDM packet/frame may include more than one OFDM symbol. Similarly, an OFDMA packet/frame may include more than one OFDMA symbol. In addition, such sub-carrier/tone assignment may be dynamic among different respective symbols within a given packet/frame or superframe (e.g., a first assignment for a first OFDMA symbol within a packet/frame, a second assignment for a second OFDMA symbol within the packet/frame, etc.). Generally speaking, an OFDMA symbol is a particular type of OFDM symbol, and general reference to OFDM symbol herein includes both OFDM and OFDMA symbols (and general reference to OFDM packet/frame herein includes both OFDM and OFDMA packets/frames, and vice versa). FIG. 3C shows example 303 where the assignments of sub-carriers to different users are intermingled among one another (e.g., sub-carriers assigned to a first user includes non-adjacent sub-carriers and at least one sub-carrier assigned to a second user is located in between two sub-carriers assigned to the first user). The different groups of sub-carriers associated with each user may be viewed as being respective channels of a plurality of channels that compose all of the available sub-carriers for OFDM signaling.

FIG. 3D is a diagram illustrating another example 304 of OFDM and/or OFDMA. In this example 304, the assignments of sub-carriers to different users are located in different groups of adjacent sub-carriers (e.g., first sub-carriers assigned to a first user include first adjacently located sub-carrier group, second sub-carriers assigned to a second user include second adjacently located sub-carrier group, etc.). The different groups of adjacently located sub-carriers associated with each user may be viewed as being respective channels of a plurality of channels that compose all of the available sub-carriers for OFDM signaling.

FIG. 3E is a diagram illustrating an example 305 of single-carrier (SC) signaling. SC signaling, when compared to OFDM signaling, includes a singular relatively wide channel across which signals are transmitted. In contrast, in OFDM, multiple narrowband sub-carriers or narrowband sub-channels span the available frequency range, bandwidth, or spectrum across which signals are transmitted within the narrowband sub-carriers or narrowband sub-channels.

Generally, a communication device may be configured to include a processing circuitry and the communication interface (or alternatively a processing circuitry, such a processing circuitry 330 a and/or processing circuitry 330 b shown in FIG. 2B) configured to process received OFDM and/or OFDMA symbols and/or frames (and/or SC symbols and/or frames) and to generate such OFDM and/or OFDMA symbols and/or frames (and/or SC symbols and/or frames).

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating an example 401 of an OFDM/A packet. This packet includes at least one preamble symbol followed by at least one data symbol. The at least one preamble symbol includes information for use in identifying, classifying, and/or categorizing the packet for appropriate processing.

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating another example 402 of an OFDM/A packet of a second type. This packet also includes a preamble and data. The preamble is composed of at least one short training field (STF), at least one long training field (LTF), and at least one signal field (SIG). The data is composed of at least one data field. In both this example 402 and the prior example 401, the at least one data symbol and/or the at least one data field may generally be referred to as the payload of the packet. Among other purposes, STFs and LTFs can be used to assist a device to identify that a frame is about to start, to synchronize timers, to select an antenna configuration, to set receiver gain, to set up certain the modulation parameters for the remainder of the packet, to perform channel estimation for uses such as beamforming, etc. In some examples, one or more STFs are used for gain adjustment (e.g., such as automatic gain control (AGC) adjustment), and a given STF may be repeated one or more times (e.g., repeated 1 time in one example). In some examples, one or more LTFs are used for channel estimation, channel characterization, etc. (e.g., such as for determining a channel response, a channel transfer function, etc.), and a given LTF may be repeated one or more times (e.g., repeated up to 8 times in one example).

Among other purposes, the SIGs can include various information to describe the OFDM packet including certain attributes as data rate, packet length, number of symbols within the packet, channel width, modulation encoding, modulation coding set (MCS), modulation type, whether the packet as a single or multiuser frame, frame length, etc. among other possible information. This disclosure presents, among other things, a means by which a variable length second at least one SIG can be used to include any desired amount of information. By using at least one SIG that is a variable length, different amounts of information may be specified therein to adapt for any situation.

Various examples are described below for possible designs of a preamble for use in wireless communications as described herein.

FIG. 4C is a diagram illustrating another example 403 of at least one portion of an OFDM/A packet of another type. A field within the packet may be copied one or more times therein (e.g., where N is the number of times that the field is copied, and N is any positive integer greater than or equal to one). This copy may be a cyclically shifted copy. The copy may be modified in other ways from the original from which the copy is made.

FIG. 4D is a diagram illustrating another example 404 of an OFDM/A packet of a third type. In this example 404, the OFDM/A packet includes one or more fields followed by one of more first signal fields (SIG(s) 1) followed by one of more second signal fields (SIG(s) 2) followed by and one or more data field.

FIG. 4E is a diagram illustrating another example 405 of an OFDM/A packet of a fourth type. In this example 405, the OFDM/A packet includes one or more first fields followed by one of more first signal fields (SIG(s) 1) followed by one or more second fields followed by one of more second signal fields (SIG(s) 2) followed by and one or more data field.

FIG. 4F is a diagram illustrating another example 406 of an OFDM/A packet. Such a general preamble format may be backward compatible with prior IEEE 802.11 prior standards, protocols, and/or recommended practices.

In this example 406, the OFDM/A packet includes a legacy portion (e.g., at least one legacy short training field (STF) shown as L-STF, legacy signal field (SIG) shown as L-SIG) and a first signal field (SIG) (e.g., VHT [Very High Throughput] SIG (shown as SIG-A)). Then, the OFDM/A packet includes one or more other VHT portions (e.g., VHT short training field (STF) shown as VHT-STF, one or more VHT long training fields (LTFs) shown as VHT-LTF, a second SIG (e.g., VHT SIG (shown as SIG-B)), and one or more data symbols.

Various diagrams below are shown that depict at least a portion (e.g., preamble) of various OFDM/A packet designs.

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating another example 501 of an OFDM/A packet. In this example 501, the OFDM/A packet includes a signal field (SIG) and/or a repeat of that SIG that corresponds to a prior or legacy communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice relative to a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as L-SIG/R-L-SIG) followed by a first at least one SIG based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-SIG-A1, e.g., where HE corresponds to high efficiency) followed by a second at least one SIG based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-SIG-A2, e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by a short training field (STF) based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-STF, e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by one or more fields.

FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating another example 502 of an OFDM/A packet. In this example 502, the OFDM/A packet includes a signal field (SIG) and/or a repeat of that SIG that corresponds to a prior or legacy communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice relative to a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as L-SIG/R-L-SIG) followed by a first at least one SIG based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-SIG-A1, e.g., where HE corresponds to high efficiency) followed by a second at least one SIG based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-SIG-A2, e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by a third at least one SIG based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-SIG-A3, e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by a fourth at least one SIG based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-SIG-A4, e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by a STF based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-STF, e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by one or more fields.

FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating another example 502 of an OFDM/A packet. In this example 503, the OFDM/A packet includes a signal field (SIG) and/or a repeat of that SIG that corresponds to a prior or legacy communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice relative to a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as L-SIG/R-L-SIG) followed by a first at least one SIG based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-SIG-A1, e.g., where HE corresponds to high efficiency) followed by a second at least one SIG based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-SIG-A2, e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by a third at least one SIG based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-SIG-B, e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by a STF based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-STF, e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by one or more fields. This example 503 shows a distributed SIG design that includes a first at least one SIG-A (e.g., HE-SIG-A1 and HE-SIG-A2) and a second at least one SIG-B (e.g., HE-SIG-B).

FIG. 5D is a diagram illustrating another example 504 of an OFDM/A packet. This example 504 depicts a type of OFDM/A packet that includes a preamble and data. The preamble is composed of at least one short training field (STF), at least one long training field (LTF), and at least one signal field (SIG).

In this example 504, the preamble is composed of at least one short training field (STF) that corresponds to a prior or legacy communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice relative to a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as L-STF(s)) followed by at least one long training field (LTF) that corresponds to a prior or legacy communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice relative to a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as L-LTF(s)) followed by at least one SIG that corresponds to a prior or legacy communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice relative to a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as L-SIG(s)) and optionally followed by a repeat (e.g., or cyclically shifted repeat) of the L-SIG(s) (shown as RL-SIG(s)) followed by another at least one SIG based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-SIG-A, e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by another at least one STF based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-STF(s), e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by another at least one LTF based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-LTF(s), e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by at least one packet extension followed by one or more fields.

FIG. 5E is a diagram illustrating another example 505 of an OFDM/A packet. In this example 505, the preamble is composed of at least one field followed by at least one SIG that corresponds to a prior or legacy communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice relative to a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as L-SIG(s)) and optionally followed by a repeat (e.g., or cyclically shifted repeat) of the L-SIG(s) (shown as RL-SIG(s)) followed by another at least one SIG based on a newer, developing, etc. communication standard, protocol, and/or recommended practice (shown as HE-SIG-A, e.g., where HE again corresponds to high efficiency) followed by one or more fields.

Note that information included in the various fields in the various examples provided herein may be encoded using various encoders. In some examples, two independent binary convolutional code (BCC) encoders are implemented to encode information corresponding to different respective modulation coding sets (MCSs) that are can be selected and/or optimized with respect to, among other things, the respective payload on the respective channel. Various communication channel examples are described with respect to FIG. 6D below.

Also, in some examples, a wireless communication device generates content that is included in the various SIGs (e.g., SIGA and/or SIGB) to signal MCS(s) to one or more other wireless communication devices to instruct which MCS(s) for those one or more other wireless communication devices to use with respect to one or more communications. In addition, in some examples, content included in a first at least one SIG (e.g., SIGA) include information to specify at least one operational parameter for use in processing a second at least one SIG (e.g., SIGB) within the same OFDM/A packet.

Various OFDM/A frame structures are presented herein for use in communications between wireless communication devices and specifically showing OFDM/A frame structures corresponding to one or more resource units (RUs). Such OFDM/A frame structures may include one or more RUs. Note that these various examples may include different total numbers of sub-carriers, different numbers of data sub-carriers, different numbers of pilot sub-carriers, etc. Different RUs may also have different other characteristics (e.g., different spacing between the sub-carriers, different sub-carrier densities, implemented within different frequency bands, etc.).

FIG. 5F is a diagram illustrating an example 506 of selection among different OFDM/A frame structures for use in communications between wireless communication devices and specifically showing OFDM/A frame structures 350 corresponding to one or more resource units (RUs). This diagram may be viewed as having some similarities to allocation of sub-carriers to different users as shown in FIG. 4D and also shows how each OFDM/A frame structure is associated with one or more RUs. Note that these various examples may include different total numbers of sub-carriers, different numbers of data sub-carriers, different numbers of pilot sub-carriers, etc. Different RUs may also have different other characteristics (e.g., different spacing between the sub-carriers, different sub-carrier densities, implemented within different frequency bands, etc.).

In one example, OFDM/A frame structure 1 351 is composed of at least one RU 1 551. In another example, OFDM/A frame structure 1 351 is composed of at least one RU 1 551 and at least one RU 2 552. In another example, OFDM/A frame structure 1 351 is composed of at least one RU 1 551, at least one RU 2 552, and at least one RU m 553. Similarly, the OFDM/A frame structure 2 352 up through OFDM/A frame structure n 353 may be composed of any combinations of the various RUs (e.g., including any one or more RU selected from the RU 1 551 through RU m 553).

FIG. 5G is a diagram illustrating an example 507 of various types of different resource units (RUs). In this example 502, RU 1 551 includes A1 total sub-carrier(s), A2 data (D) sub-carrier(s), A3 pilot (P) sub-carrier(s), and A4 unused sub-carrier(s). RU 2 552 includes B1 total sub-carrier(s), B2 D sub-carrier(s), B3 P sub-carrier(s), and B4 unused sub-carrier(s). RU N 553 includes C1 total sub-carrier(s), C2 D sub-carrier(s), C3 P sub-carrier(s), and C4 unused sub-carrier(s).

Considering the various RUs (e.g., across RU 1 551 to RU N 553), the total number of sub-carriers across the RUs increases from RU 1 551 to RU N 553 (e.g., A1<B1<C1). Also, considering the various RUs (e.g., across RU 1 551 to RU N 553), the ratio of pilot sub-carriers to data sub-carriers across the RUs decreases from RU 1 551 to RU N 553 (e.g., A3/A2>B3/B2>C3/C2).

In some examples, note that different RUs can include a different number of total sub-carriers and a different number of data sub-carriers yet include a same number of pilot sub-carriers.

As can be seen, this disclosure presents various options for mapping of data and pilot sub-carriers (and sometimes unused sub-carriers that include no modulation data or are devoid of modulation data) into OFDMA frames or packets (note that frame and packet may be used interchangeably herein) in various communications between communication devices including both the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) such as with respect to an access point (AP). Note that a user may generally be understood to be a wireless communication device implemented in a wireless communication system (e.g., a wireless station (STA) or an access point (AP) within a wireless local area network (WLAN/WiFi)). For example, a user may be viewed as a given wireless communication device (e.g., a wireless station (STA) or an access point (AP), or an AP-operative STA within a wireless communication system). This disclosure discussed localized mapping and distributed mapping of such sub-carriers or tones with respect to different users in an OFDMA context (e.g., such as with respect to FIG. 4C and FIG. 4D including allocation of sub-carriers to one or more users).

Some versions of the IEEE 802.11 standard have the following physical layer (PHY) fast Fourier transform (FFT) sizes: 32, 64, 128, 256, 512.

These PHY FFT sizes are mapped to different bandwidths (BWs) (e.g., which may be achieved using different downclocking ratios or factors applied to a first clock signal to generate different other clock signals such as a second clock signal, a third clock signal, etc.). In many locations, this disclosure refers to FFT sizes instead of BW since FFT size determines a user's specific allocation of sub-carriers, RUs, etc. and the entire system BW using one or more mappings of sub-carriers, RUs, etc.

This disclosure presents various ways by which the mapping of N users's data into the system BW tones (localized or distributed). For example, if the system BW uses 256 FFT, modulation data for 8 different users can each use a 32 FFT, respectively. Alternatively, if the system BW uses 256 FFT, modulation data for 4 different users can each use a 64 FFT, respectively. In another alternative, if the system BW uses 256 FFT, modulation data for 2 different users can each use a 128 FFT, respectively. Also, any number of other combinations is possible with unequal BW allocated to different users such as 32 FFT to 2 users, 64 FFT for one user, and 128 FFT for the last user.

Localized mapping (e.g., contiguous sub-carrier allocations to different users such as with reference to FIG. 3D) is preferable for certain applications such as low mobility users (e.g., that remain stationary or substantially stationary and whose location does not change frequently) since each user can be allocated to a sub-band based on at least one characteristic. An example of such a characteristic includes allocation to a sub-band that maximizes its performance (e.g., highest SNR or highest capacity in multi-antenna system). The respective wireless communication devices (users) receive frames or packets (e.g., beacons, null data packet (NDP), data, etc. and/or other frame or packet types) over the entire band and feedback their preferred sub-band or a list of preferred sub-bands. Alternatively, a first device (e.g., transmitter, AP, or STA) transmits at least one OFDMA packet to a second communication device, and the second device (e.g., receiver, a STA, or another STA) may be configured to measure the first device's initial transmission occupying the entire band and choose a best/good or preferable sub-band. The second device can be configured to transmit the selection of the information to the first device via feedback, etc.

In some examples, a device is configured to employ PHY designs for 32 FFT, 64 FFT and 128 FFT as OFDMA blocks inside of a 256 FFT system BW. When this is done, there can be some unused sub-carriers (e.g., holes of unused sub-carriers within the provisioned system BW being used). This can also be the case for the lower FFT sizes. In some examples, when an FFT is an integer multiple of another, the larger FFT can be a duplicate a certain number of times of the smaller FFT (e.g., a 512 FFT can be an exact duplicate of two implementations of 256 FFT). In some examples, when using 256 FFT for system BW the available number of tones is 242 that can be split among the various users that belong to the OFDMA frame or packet (DL or UL).

In some examples, a PHY design can leave gaps of sub-carriers between the respective wireless communication devices (users) (e.g., unused sub-carriers). For example, users 1 and 4 may each use a 32 FFT structure occupying a total of 26×2=52 sub-carriers, user 2 may use a 64 FFT occupying 56 sub-carriers and user 3 may use 128 FFT occupying 106 sub-carriers adding up to a sum total of 214 sub-carriers leaving 28 sub-carriers unused.

In another example, only 32 FFT users are multiplexed allowing up to 9 users with 242 sub-carriers−(9 users×26 RUs)=8 unused sub-carriers between the users. In yet another example, for 64 FFT users are multiplexed with 242 sub-carriers−(4 users×56 RUs)=18 unused sub-carriers.

The unused sub-carriers can be used to provide better separation between users especially in the UL where users's energy can spill into each other due to imperfect time/frequency/power synchronization creating inter-carrier interference (ICI).

FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating another example 601 of various types of different RUs. In this example 601, RU 1 includes X1 total sub-carrier(s), X2 data (D) sub-carrier(s), X3 pilot (P) sub-carrier(s), and X4 unused sub-carrier(s). RU 2 includes Y1 total sub-carrier(s), Y2 D sub-carrier(s), Y3 P sub-carrier(s), and Y4 unused sub-carrier(s). RU q includes Z1 total sub-carrier(s), Z2 D sub-carrier(s), Z3 P sub-carrier(s), and Z4 unused sub-carrier(s). In this example 601, note that different RUs can include different spacing between the sub-carriers, different sub-carrier densities, implemented within different frequency bands, span different ranges within at least one frequency band, etc.

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating another example 602 of various types of different RUs. This diagram shows RU 1 that includes 26 contiguous sub-carriers that include 24 data sub-carriers, and 2 pilot sub-carriers; RU 2 that includes 52 contiguous sub-carriers that include 48 data sub-carriers, and 4 pilot sub-carriers; RU 3 that includes 106 contiguous sub-carriers that include 102 data sub-carriers, and 4 pilot sub-carriers; RU 4 that includes 242 contiguous sub-carriers that include 234 data sub-carriers, and 8 pilot sub-carriers; RU 5 that includes 484 contiguous sub-carriers that include 468 data sub-carriers, and 16 pilot sub-carriers; and RU 6 that includes 996 contiguous sub-carriers that include 980 data sub-carriers, and 16 pilot sub-carriers.

Note that RU 2 and RU 3 include a first/same number of pilot sub-carriers (e.g., 4 pilot sub-carriers each), and RU 5 and RU 6 include a second/same number of pilot sub-carriers (e.g., 16 pilot sub-carriers each). The number of pilot sub-carriers remains same or increases across the RUs. Note also that some of the RUs include an integer multiple number of sub-carriers of other RUs (e.g., RU 2 includes 52 total sub-carriers, which is 2×the 26 total sub-carriers of RU 1, and RU 5 includes 242 total sub-carriers, which is 2×the 242 total sub-carriers of RU 4).

FIG. 6C is a diagram illustrating an example 603 of various types of communication protocol specified physical layer (PHY) fast Fourier transform (FFT) sizes. The device 310 is configured to generate and transmit OFDMA packets based on various PHY FFT sizes as specified within at least one communication protocol. Some examples of PHY FFT sizes, such as based on IEEE 802.11, include PHY FFT sizes such as 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, and/or other sizes.

In one example, the device 310 is configured to generate and transmit an OFDMA packet based on RU 1 that includes 26 contiguous sub-carriers that include 24 data sub-carriers, and 2 pilot sub-carriers and to transmit that OFDMA packet based on a PHY FFT 32 (e.g., the RU 1 fits within the PHY FFT 32). In one example, the device 310 is configured to generate and transmit an OFDMA packet based on RU 2 that includes 52 contiguous sub-carriers that include 48 data sub-carriers, and 4 pilot sub-carriers and to transmit that OFDMA packet based on a PHY FFT 56 (e.g., the RU 2 fits within the PHY FFT 56). The device 310 uses other sized RUs for other sized PHY FFTs based on at least one communication protocol.

Note also that any combination of RUs may be used. In another example, the device 310 is configured to generate and transmit an OFDMA packet based on two RUs based on RU 1 and one RU based on RU 2 based on a PHY FFT 128 (e.g., two RUs based on RU 1 and one RU based on RU 2 includes a total of 104 sub-carriers). The device 310 is configured to generate and transmit any OFDMA packets based on any combination of RUs that can fit within an appropriately selected PHY FFT size of at least one communication protocol.

Note also that any given RU may be sub-divided or partitioned into subsets of sub-carriers to carry modulation data for one or more users (e.g., such as with respect to FIG. 3C or FIG. 3D).

FIG. 6D is a diagram illustrating an example 604 of different channel bandwidths and relationship there between. In one example, a device (e.g., the device 310) is configured to generate and transmit any OFDMA packet based on any of a number of OFDMA frame structures within various communication channels having various channel bandwidths. For example, a 160 MHz channel may be subdivided into two 80 MHz channels. An 80 MHz channel may be subdivided into two 40 MHz channels. A 40 MHz channel may be subdivided into two 20 MHz channels. Note also such channels may be located within the same frequency band, the same frequency sub-band or alternatively among different frequency bands, different frequency sub-bands, etc.

This disclosure presents, among other things, padding options for trigger frame format. In some examples, this includes padding options for trigger frame format in legacy format (e.g., IEEE 802.11 versions, standards, amendments, communication protocols, and/or recommended practices, etc. that were developed, issued, etc. before a current IEEE 802.11 version, standard, amendment, communication protocol, and/or recommended practice, etc.).

In a wireless communication system (e.g., a WLAN system) in which a central controller (e.g., an access point (AP), an-AP-operative wireless station (STA), etc.) makes decisions about which device may access the medium, resources (e.g., such as resource units (RUs) as described above, and/or other resources) are allocated after consideration of competing resource requests from participating STAs.

The central controller provides resource unit (RU) allocation(s) for each given phase of data exchange, where each phase of data exchange might provide RUs to more than one participating STA corresponding to a single window of time. The RUs for different STAs are orthogonal through various means, e.g., frequency orthogonal, spatially orthogonal, etc.

The central controller indicates the RU for each STA in a broadcasted frame. Such indication may be made using a trigger frame. Various frame formats to perform indication of RU for each STA (e.g., trigger frames) are presented herein.

In an example, a STA will prepare data for transmission to the central controller after parsing the RU information conveyed in the trigger frame and discovering a RU allocated to itself.

In a WLAN system (e.g., one operating in accordance with an existing IEEE 802.11 version, standard, amendment, communication protocol, and/or recommended practice, etc.), after receiving a frame from the central controller, there is a short inter-frame space (SIFS) waiting time for a STA to prepare data and start transmission.

However, after receiving a trigger frame that is designed to initiate simultaneous transmissions from multiple STAs within a given window of time, some slowly responding STAs may not be capable of starting transmission after SIFS. This may be due, for example, to long processing time needed to prepare a frame that will fit into the RU because the allocation is not known until the arrival of the trigger frame, so that there is no time for pre-processing the transmission.

Considering that in certain regulatory domains, Listen Before Talk (LBT) is required for STAs before initiating a transmission to the central controller, it is even harder for the slow STAs to be able to have a data transmission ready within SIFS time.

This disclosure proposes several padding options on the trigger frame to allow more time for STAs to prepare their transmissions.

In many of the following diagrams, certain acronyms are used including: FC=frame control, PPDU=PLCP Protocol Data Unit (PPDU), UL=uplink (UL), UL GI=uplink (UL) guard interval (GI), BW=bandwidth, HE=High Efficiency, HE-LTF Configuration=High Efficiency long training field (LTF) Configuration, FCS=frame check sequence (FCS), SRU=starting RU (SRU), ERU=ending RU (ERU), MAC padding=media access control (MAC) padding, NDP=null data packet (NDP), STF=short training field (STF), LTF=long training field (LTF), SIG=signal field (SIG), TX=transmission, SIFS=short inter-frame space (SIFS), RIFS=reduced inter-frame space (RIFS), network allocation vector (NAV), etc.

Design Features (1)

Option 1-(RU info)+FCS+(MAC padding)+FCS

Adding a separated p-frame check sequence (pFCS) right after the RU allocation information followed by MAC padding and the normal frame check sequence (FCS). The position of the pFCS may be implicitly or explicitly indicated

Examples of explicit indication may include any one or more of the following:

-   -   pFCS may use the same polynomial function of normal FCS.     -   pFCS may use different polynomial function to differentiate from         the normal FCS.     -   pFCS may use same polynomial function of normal FCS but the         generated FCS may be scrambled to differentiate from normal FCS.     -   pFCS may use same polynomial function of normal FCS but the         generated FCS may be inverted to differentiate from normal FCS.     -   RU Info boundary field or starting RU (SRU)/ending RU (ERU)         field (discussed below) indicate the end or RU information and         the start of the pFCS.

Examples of implicit indication may include any one or more of the following:

-   -   pFCS is calculated by the recipient on a running basis and if         the pFCS calculation matches the expected pFCS result, then the         pFCS is assumed to be found. Note that if the recipient reaches         the end of the frame without having found a pFCS calculation         match, the frame is assumed to have an error and is discarded.     -   pFCS may use different polynomial function to differentiate from         the normal FCS.     -   pFCS may use same polynomial function of normal FCS but the         generated FCS may be scrambled to differentiate from normal FCS.     -   pFCS may use same polynomial function of normal FCS but the         generated FCS may be inverted to differentiate from normal FCS.

STAs, upon validating the pFCS, may start to prepare the Uplink (UL) transmissions (e.g., prepare their own respective data for transmission to the central controller such as part of an UL OFDMA frame including different respective data from different respective STAs such as may be performed in accordance with FIG. 3C or 3D).

L-SIG indicates the end of the frame including the normal FCS.

Legacy device can still use the duration in the MAC header to correctly set the network allocation vector (NAV).

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating an example 701 of a frame format. This diagram shows Option 1 a-RU length indication in Common part. The pFCS location is implicitly indicated. Parity bits are added in front of the payload to reduce the probability of a false detection of the pFCS.

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating another example 702 of a frame format. This diagram shows Option 1 b-RU length indication in Common part. RU boundary field indicates the location of the pFCS. The RU boundary field may indicate the total length of the RU allocation information or indicate the number of Per STA Block info if the Per block STA info is with fixed size.

FIG. 7C is a diagram illustrating another example 703 of a frame format. This diagram shows Option 1 c-Per STA part contains first/last Per STA part indication. Per STA Block contains SRU (Starting RU) and ERU (Ending RU) bits, SRU=1, ERU=0 indicates the first RU allocation; SRU=0, ERU=1 indicates the last RU allocation. Per STA Block may only contain ERU bit, ERU=1 indicate the current Per STA Block is the last block in the trigger frame. pFCS location is immediately after the last Per STA Block.

FIG. 7D is a diagram illustrating another example 704 of a frame format. This diagram shows Option 1 d-RU length indication in MAC header. RU boundary contains the same information as in Option 1 b, the RU boundary field is in MAC header.

Option 2-(RU info)+(MAC padding)+FCS

Some of these examples are implemented by having only one FCS at the end of frame. A

STA, upon receiving its own RU allocation information, may start to prepare UL transmission, it may abort the UL transmission if the FCS check fails. In an example of operation, this can abort the TX before it even begins, at the point when the FCS check fails. In an example of operation, this can abort the preparation of the TX at the point when the FCS check fails.

FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating another example 801 of a frame format. The indication method can be same as option 1. This diagram shows Option 2 a-RU length indication in Common part.

FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating another example 802 of a frame format. This diagram shows Option 2 b-Per STA part contains first/last Per STA part indication.

In another example, such as an Option 2 c, the location of last per STA Block is not needed, since MAC padding is designed to not match a valid encoding of a per STA block.

FIG. 8C is a diagram illustrating another example 803 of a frame format. This diagram shows Option 2 d—Special MAC padding. In this diagram, the MAC padding is performed with special Per STA info. In some examples, the STAID value is set as a reserved value to indicate the Per STA info is padding and needs no processing, e.g. STAID[11:0], RU[7:0] STAID=0x000. The RU value is set as a reserved value to indicate the Per STA info is padding and needs no processing. For cases that one STA is only allowed to have one RU, Per STA info may have a STAID that doesn't match with any STA to trigger for the purpose of padding.

Option 3-(RU info)+FCS+(MAC padding)+FCS

This option generally is implemented by adding a separated pFCS after the RU allocation information followed by MAC padding and the normal FCS.

In some examples, STAs upon validating the pFCS may start to prepare the UL transmissions. L-SIG indicate the end of the frame including the normal FCS.

FIG. 8D is a diagram illustrating another example 804 of a frame format. This diagram shows Option 3 a: The pFCS is indicated by the L-SIG length minus a fixed offset (fixed MAC padding length).

FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating another example 901 of a frame format. This diagram shows Option 3 b: The pFCS is indicated by the L-SIG length minus a fixed offset, a MAC Padding indication bit indicate if the L-SIG length indicate the real length of the frame or the frame with fixed size padding.

Note that a Legacy device can still use the duration in the MAC header to correctly set the NAV.

Option 4-(RU info)+FCS+(PHY padding) FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating another example 902 of a frame format. This option generally is implemented by appending PHY padding right after the FCS field.

L-SIG indicates the frame length that doesn't include the PHY padding for legacy device to correctly locate the FCS.

Legacy STAs can still use duration in the MAC header to set the NAV.

Legacy STAs that missed the MAC header or failed MAC FCS may perform energy detection during the PHY padding to determine the channel is busy.

Option 5-(RU info)+FCS+(XIFS)+NDP

FIG. 9C is a diagram illustrating another example 903 of a frame format. After XIFS (length to be determined (TBD)), a NDP frame is transmitted to mute the legacy STAs. One bit NDP padding bit in the common part of the trigger frame tells HE STAs to wait for the transmission of the NDP before transmitting their UL PPDU.

The XIFS may be set as 2 μs (same as RIFS). The following NDP frame does not need to be processed by HE STAs. For legacy STAs which recognize the MAC header of trigger frame and receive a valid FCS, RIFS will be sufficient. Those STAs do not need to receive the NDP because they have NAV information from the Trigger frame. Legacy STAs which fail to receive NAV information may detect the presence of the NDP at SNR lower than energy detect and properly defer until the start of the UL PPDU which will again cause them to defer.

NDP frame provides 6 symbols of extra time for HE receivers to prepare UL transmissions and is also flexible for further extension by setting the SIG length field value of the NDP to a non-zero value.

FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method 1001 for execution by one or more wireless communication devices. The method 1001 begins in step 1010 by determining a plurality of capabilities of a plurality of other wireless communication devices associated with the wireless communication device in a wireless network. The method 1001 continues in step 1020 by generating a first OFDM/A frame that includes RU allocation specified for the plurality of other wireless communication devices and MAC padding that is based on at least one of the plurality of capabilities of at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices.

The method 1001 then operates in step 1030 by transmitting, via a communication interface of the wireless communication device, the first OFDM/A frame to the plurality of other wireless communication devices to be processed by the plurality of other wireless communication devices to determine the RU allocation and the MAC padding included therein. The method 1001 then continues in step 1040 by receiving, via the communication interface of the wireless communication device, a second OFDM/A frame from the plurality of other wireless communication devices based on the RU allocation.

FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method 1002 for execution by one or more wireless communication devices. The method 1002 operates in step 1011 by receiving, via a communication interface of the wireless communication device, a first OFDM/A frame from another WDEV.

The method 1002 continues in step 1021 by processing the first OFDM/A frame to determine if the first OFDM/A frame is intended for the WDEV executing the method 1001. For example, the step 1021 may include determining whether a wireless station (STA) identifier (ID) of the WDEV executing the method 1001 is specified and included within the first OFDM/A frame. When it is determined that the first OFDM/A frame is intended for the WDEV executing the method 1001 (e.g., a favorable comparison in step 1031), then the method 1002 then operates in step 1041 by (continuing) process of the first OFDM/A frame to determine RU allocation and MAC padding. The method 1002 then continues in step 1051 by preparing data for transmission in a second OFDM/A frame to the other WDEV (e.g., as part of an uplink (UL) TX with other WDEVs). The method 1002 continues in step 1061 by transmitting the data to the other WDEV in the second OFDM/A frame.

Alternatively, when it is determined that the first OFDM/A frame is not intended for the WDEV executing the method 1001 (e.g., an unfavorable comparison in step 1031), then the method 1002 then operates in step 1071 by discarding first OFDM/A frame/ending processing.

It is noted that the various operations and functions described within various methods herein may be performed within a wireless communication device (e.g., such as by the processing circuitry 330, communication interface 320, and memory 340 and/or processing circuitry 330 a and/or processing circuitry 330 b such as described with reference to FIG. 2B) and/or other components therein. Generally, a communication interface and processing circuitry (or alternatively a processing circuitry that includes communication interface functionality, components, circuitry, etc.) in a wireless communication device can perform such operations.

Examples of some components may include one of more baseband processing modules, one or more media access control (MAC) layer components, one or more physical layer (PHY) components, and/or other components, etc. For example, such a processing circuitry can perform baseband processing operations and can operate in conjunction with a radio, analog front end (AFE), etc. The processing circuitry can generate such signals, packets, frames, and/or equivalents etc. as described herein as well as perform various operations described herein and/or their respective equivalents.

In some embodiments, such a baseband processing module and/or a processing module (which may be implemented in the same device or separate devices) can perform such processing to generate signals for transmission to another wireless communication device using any number of radios and antennas. In some embodiments, such processing is performed cooperatively by a processing circuitry in a first device and another processing circuitry within a second device. In other embodiments, such processing is performed wholly by a processing circuitry within one device.

As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provides an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items. Such an industry-accepted tolerance ranges from less than one percent to fifty percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermal noise. Such relativity between items ranges from a difference of a few percent to magnitude differences. As may also be used herein, the term(s) “configured to,” “operably coupled to,” “coupled to,” and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for an example of indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”. As may even further be used herein, the term “configured to,” “operable to,” “coupled to,” or “operably coupled to” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to one or more other items. As may still further be used herein, the term “associated with,” includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded within another item.

As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably” or equivalent, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal 1 has a greater magnitude than signal 2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal 1 is greater than that of signal 2 or when the magnitude of signal 2 is less than that of signal 1.

As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module,” “processing circuit,” “processor,” and/or “processing unit” or their equivalents may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit may be, or further include, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network). Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memory element may store, and the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures. Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture.

One or more embodiments of an invention have been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality. To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention. One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processing circuitries, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.

The one or more embodiments are used herein to illustrate one or more aspects, one or more features, one or more concepts, and/or one or more examples of the invention. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process may include one or more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc. described with reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein. Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc. that may use the same or different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc. may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc. or different ones.

Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/or between elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein may be analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-ended or differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as a single-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path. Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it also represents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particular architectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise be implemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, direct connectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between other elements as recognized by one of average skill in the art.

The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of the embodiments. A module includes a processing module, a processor, a functional block, a processing circuitry, hardware, and/or memory that stores operational instructions for performing one or more functions as may be described herein. Note that, if the module is implemented via hardware, the hardware may operate independently and/or in conjunction with software and/or firmware. As also used herein, a module may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules.

While particular combinations of various functions and features of the one or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, other combinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. The present disclosure of an invention is not limited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these other combinations. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless communication device comprising: a communication interface; and processing circuitry that is coupled to the communication interface, wherein at least one of the communication interface or the processing circuitry configured to: determine a plurality of capabilities of a plurality of other wireless communication devices associated with the wireless communication device in a wireless network; generate a first orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) frame that includes resource unit (RU) allocation specified for the plurality of other wireless communication devices and media access controller (MAC) padding that is based on at least one of the plurality of capabilities of at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices; transmit the first OFDMA frame to the plurality of other wireless communication devices to be processed by the plurality of other wireless communication devices to determine the RU allocation and the MAC padding included therein; and receive a second OFDMA frame from the plurality of other wireless communication devices based on the RU allocation.
 2. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the plurality of capabilities of the at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices corresponds to a slowest processing speed capability of the at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices to prepare data for transmission to the wireless communication device based on the RU allocation that is specified for the at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices.
 3. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the second OFDMA frame includes: first data from a first wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices that is modulated within a first subset of OFDMA sub-carriers; and second data from a second wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices that is modulated within a second subset of OFDMA sub-carriers.
 4. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the first OFDMA frame includes a trigger frame that includes: a MAC header, which is followed by common information for all of the plurality of other wireless communication devices, which is followed by per wireless communication device that includes first information for a first wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices and includes second information for a second wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices, which is followed by the MAC padding to provide time for the at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices to prepare data for transmission to the wireless communication device based on the RU allocation that is specified within the first OFDMA frame.
 5. The wireless communication device of claim 4, wherein the MAC padding including at least one wireless station (STA) identifier (ID) that is not used by any of the plurality of other wireless communication devices associated with the wireless communication device in the wireless network.
 6. The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: the communication interface configured to support communications within at least one of a satellite communication system, a wireless communication system, a wired communication system, a fiber-optic communication system, or a mobile communication system.
 7. The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: an access point (AP), wherein the plurality of other wireless communication devices includes a wireless station (STA).
 8. The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: a wireless station (STA), wherein the plurality of other wireless communication devices includes at least one of an access point (AP) or another STA.
 9. A wireless communication device comprising: a communication interface; and processing circuitry that is coupled to the communication interface, wherein at least one of the communication interface or the processing circuitry configured to: determine a plurality of processing speed capabilities of a plurality of other wireless communication devices associated with the wireless communication device in a wireless network to prepare data for transmission to the wireless communication device; generate a first orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) frame that includes resource unit (RU) allocation specified for the plurality of other wireless communication devices and media access controller (MAC) padding that is based on a slowest processing speed capability of at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices to prepare data for transmission to the wireless communication device; transmit the first OFDMA frame to the plurality of other wireless communication devices to be processed by the plurality of other wireless communication devices to determine the RU allocation and the MAC padding included therein; and receive a second OFDMA frame from the plurality of other wireless communication devices based on the RU allocation.
 10. The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein the second OFDMA frame includes: first data from a first wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices that is modulated within a first subset of OFDMA sub-carriers; and second data from a second wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices that is modulated within a second subset of OFDMA sub-carriers.
 11. The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein: the first OFDMA frame includes a trigger frame that includes a MAC header, which is followed by common information for all of the plurality of other wireless communication devices, which is followed by per wireless communication device that includes first information for a first wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices and includes second information for a second wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices, which is followed by the MAC padding to provide time for the at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices to prepare data for transmission to the wireless communication device based on the RU allocation that is specified within the first OFDMA frame; and the MAC padding including at least one wireless station (STA) identifier (ID) that is not used by any of the plurality of other wireless communication devices associated with the wireless communication device in the wireless network.
 12. The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: the communication interface configured to support communications within at least one of a satellite communication system, a wireless communication system, a wired communication system, a fiber-optic communication system, or a mobile communication system.
 13. The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: an access point (AP), wherein the plurality of other wireless communication devices includes a wireless station (STA).
 14. A method for execution by a wireless communication device, the method comprising: determining a plurality of capabilities of a plurality of other wireless communication devices associated with the wireless communication device in a wireless network; generating a first orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) frame that includes resource unit (RU) allocation specified for the plurality of other wireless communication devices and media access controller (MAC) padding that is based on at least one of the plurality of capabilities of at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices; transmitting, via a communication interface of the wireless communication device, the first OFDMA frame to the plurality of other wireless communication devices to be processed by the plurality of other wireless communication devices to determine the RU allocation and the MAC padding included therein; and receiving, via the communication interface of the wireless communication device, a second OFDMA frame from the plurality of other wireless communication devices based on the RU allocation.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one of the plurality of capabilities of the at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices corresponds to a slowest processing speed capability of the at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices to prepare data for transmission to the wireless communication device based on the RU allocation that is specified for the at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the second OFDMA frame includes: first data from a first wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices that is modulated within a first subset of OFDMA sub-carriers; and second data from a second wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices that is modulated within a second subset of OFDMA sub-carriers.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the first OFDMA frame includes a trigger frame that includes: a MAC header, which is followed by common information for all of the plurality of other wireless communication devices, which is followed by per wireless communication device that includes first information for a first wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices and includes second information for a second wireless communication device of the plurality of other wireless communication devices, which is followed by the MAC padding to provide time for the at least one of the plurality of other wireless communication devices to prepare data for transmission to the wireless communication device based on the RU allocation that is specified within the first OFDMA frame.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the MAC padding including at least one wireless station (STA) identifier (ID) that is not used by any of the plurality of other wireless communication devices associated with the wireless communication device in the wireless network.
 19. The method of claim 14 further comprising: operating the communication interface of the wireless communication device to support communications within at least one of a satellite communication system, a wireless communication system, a wired communication system, a fiber-optic communication system, or a mobile communication system.
 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the wireless communication device includes an access point (AP), and the plurality of other wireless communication devices includes a wireless station (STA). 